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Creating a bibliography

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APA
Chicago
   Notes and bibliography

• Description
• Citing works in the text
• Listing sources at the end
• Examples by type of work

   Author-date
   Other resources
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Chicago
Notes and Bibliography System

Description

In the Chicago notes and bibliography system, references to a work or parts of a work inside the text of a paper take the form of numbered notes. Only the number appears in the text itself; the note preceded by the same number appears at the bottom of the page or at the end of the article or chapter. (Caution: this format is not identical to the numbered-note system preferred by the AMA and should not be confused with the latter).

The information below describes how to cite works within the text of a paper, as well as how to list all the works cited at the end. A "work" in this context means any source—in print, on the Web, or in some other medium—containing information that you used. Some examples are:

• Books and Pamphlets
• Articles
• Web Sites
• Theses and Proceedings
• Government Publications
• Audiovisual Materials

Citing Works in the Text

Footnotes vs. Endnotes

If notes are placed at the bottom of the page on which they are referenced, they are easily examined while reading the text. This is particularly helpful for scholarly works. A disadvantage is that long footnotes can run over onto the bottom of the following page. Many long footnotes, particularly with illustrations, can result in relatively little text per page. By contrast, placing notes at the end of a journal article or book chapter usually avoids such formatting problems. The disadvantage of endnotes is that the notes are harder to find. Searching for notes while reading the text can be a nuisance for the reader.

Numbering Notes

Both footnotes and endnotes are numbered starting with 1 in each article or chapter. If numbered endnotes are being used for bibliographic citations, brief comments may still be included at the bottom of a text page using symbols such as asterisks and daggers. A note's number or symbol should be inserted in the text at the end of a complete sentence or clause. It must appear after any punctuation mark or closing parenthesis but before any dash.

Many word processors include a command, such as that in the Insert menu of Microsoft Word, to insert the next number in the text and begin the corresponding note automatically. Such a feature greatly facilitates adding, deleting, or moving notes, since the word processor takes care of renumbering them.

Full vs. Short Citations

In the notes and bibliography system, typically a complete citation includes at least the author, title, and date of publication.

• Initial notes generally provide full citations, like these two examples.

¹ Ernest Kaiser, "The Literature of Harlem," in Harlem: A Community in Transition, ed. J. H. Clarke (New York: Citadel Press, 1964).

² Regine M. Schwartz, "Nationals and Nationalism: Adultery in the House of David," Critical Inquiry 19, no. 1 (1992): 131-32.

The section below entitled Listing Sources at the End explains how to create full citations for each type of work.

Once a work has been cited in full in a note, subsequent footnotes or endnotes need only include enough information to guide the reader to the corresponding entry in the bibliography. If every work cited in the notes is listed in full in the bibliography, notes can be given in short form even when a work is being cited for the first time.

Pattern for Short Citation:

^NoteNumber AuthorALastName and AuthorBLastName, Up to First Four Significant Words of Title, locationInWork.

• Subsequent notes may use short citations:

³ Kaiser, Literature of Harlem, 189, 140.

⁴ Schwartz, "Nationals and Nationalism," 138.

If the author's name or the title of a work appears in the same text in which a note is inserted, the corresponding footnote need not repeat this information (though doing so could be helpful to the reader). However, omitting essential information such as the author's last name or the title of a work should be avoided in endnotes. Readers might not recall this information by the time they locate the note at the end of your work.

Using Ibid.

The abbreviation "Ibid." (meaning "in the same place") may be used to refer to the identical work cited in the immediately preceding note, provided that note does not cite more than one work.

• Note number five below uses a shortened form of the Strunk citation rather than Ibid. because the immediately preceding note, number four, refers to a different work.

¹ William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 3.
² Ibid.
³ Ibid., 23-25.
⁴ Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 72n, 80n.
⁵ Strunk and White, The Elements of Style, 15.

• Ibid. may also be used when referring to the same work multiple times in one note.

¹ Strunk and White, The Elements of Style, 58. Note, however, that "some infinitives seem to improve on being split" (Ibid., 78).

Listing Sources at the End

The bibliography should be placed at the end of the article or book, preceding any index. Even if a complete citation is given in a note, it is preferable to include full information about each work in the bibliography.

Bibliography entries should be ordered alphabetically by the last name of the first author. A reference with one author precedes a reference with multiple authors starting with the same last name. If two or more references with multiple authors share the same first author, order them by the name of the second author, and so on. Works with the identical author(s) are alphabetized by title.

• For multiple entries by the same author(s), use a 3-em dash^* in place of the name of the author(s) for the second and subsequent entries. The comma or period that would normally follow the author's name should be included after the 3-em dash.

U.S. Senate. Committee on Public Lands. Leasing of Oil Lands. 65th Cong., 1st sess., 1917.

———————. Leases upon Naval Oil Reserves. 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924.

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^* In Microsoft Word, for example, this can be achieved by holding down both the Alt and Ctrl keys while pressing the hyphen key on the numeric keypad three times.

Examples by Type of Work

Books and Pamphlets

Pattern for the Entire Book or Pamphlet

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorAFirstName AuthorALastName and AuthorBFirstName AuthorBLastName, Title of the book (Location: Publisher, PublicationYear).

Bibliography:
AuthorALastName, AuthorAFirstName, and AuthorBFirstName AuthorBLastName. Title of the Book. Location: Publisher, PublicationYear.

• Italicize the title and subtitle. Headline-style capitalization is preferred: capitalize the first and last words and all other major words in the title and subtitle.

Notes:
¹ Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor, The Columbia Guide to Online Style (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).

² Salman Rushdie, The Ground beneath Her Feet (New York: Henry Holt, 1999).

Bibliography:

Rushdie, Salman. The Ground beneath Her Feet. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.

Walker, Janice R., and Todd Taylor. The Columbia Guide to Online Style. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

• Give the names of editors, translators, or compilers after the title of the work, preceded in the bibliography by the phrase edited by, compiled by, or translated by. In notes, however, or if no author appears on the title page of the book, begin the entry with the name(s) of the editor, compiler, or translator followed by a comma and the abbreviation ed., eds., comp., comps., or trans.

Notes:
³ Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin, The Complete Correspondence, 1928-1940, ed. Henri Lonitz, trans. Nicholas Walker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

⁴ Ori Z. Soltes, ed., Georgia: Art and Civilization through the Ages (London: Philip Wilson, 1999), 280.

Bibliography:

Adorno, Theodor W., and Walter Benjamin. The Complete Correspondence, 1928-1940. Edited by Henri Lonitz. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Soltes, Ori Z., ed. Georgia: Art and Civilization through the Ages. London: Philip Wilson, 1999.

• For editions other than the first, include the number or description of the edition after the title.

Notes:
⁵ William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 3.

Bibliography:

Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

Pattern for One Part of the Book

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName, "Title of the Chapter," in Title of the Book, ed. BookEditorFirstName BookEditorLastName, StartPage-EndPage (Location: Publisher, PublicationYear).

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Title of the Chapter." In Title of the Book, edited by BookEditorFirstName BookEditorLastName, StartPage-EndPage. Location: Publisher, PublicationYear.

Notes:
¹ Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schuurman, "Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis," in Religion, Feminism, and the Family, ed. Ann Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen, 11-32 (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996).

Bibliography:

Carr, Anne, and Douglas J. Schuurman. "Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis." In Religion, Feminism, and the Family, edited by Ann Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen, 11-32. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.

• Enclose the name of a chapter or other part of a book in quotation marks. Book titles and other terms that would normally be italicized should remain italicized when they appear inside a chapter title.

Notes:
² Nalini Natarajan, "Women, Nation, and Narration in Midnight's Children," in Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices, ed. Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, 76-89 (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1994): 78.

Bibliography:

Natarajan, Nalini. "Women, Nation, and Narration in Midnight's Children." In Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices, edited by Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, 76-89. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1994.

Pattern for Electronic Books

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName, Title of the Book (PrintLocation: PrintPublisher, PrintPublicationYear), SourceURL (accessed LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. Title of the Book. PrintLocation: PrintPublisher, PrintPublicationYear. SourceURL (accessed LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

• For a book accessed online that was also published in print, include any available print publication information. Because information changes frequently on the World Wide Web, it is advisable to append the date when you last accessed this book online.

Notes:
¹ Miranda J. Green, Animals in Celtic Life and Myth (London: Routledge, 1992; Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002), http://www.netlibrary.com/ (accessed July 24, 2005).

Bibliography:

Green, Miranda J. Animals in Celtic Life and Myth. London: Routledge, 1992; Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. http://www.netlibrary.com/ (accessed July 24, 2005).

• Specify any newer edition or reissue that was used to prepare the electronic book, if this information is available.

Notes:
² Elizabeth Hamilton, Memoirs of Modern Philosophers (1800; repr. with introd. and notes by Claire Grogan, Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2000), http://www.netlibrary.com/ (accessed June 14, 2004).

Bibliography:

Hamilton, Elizabeth. Memoirs of Modern Philosophers. 1800. Reprinted with introduction and notes by Claire Grogan. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2000. http://www.netlibrary.com/ (accessed June 14, 2004).

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Articles

Pattern for Print Journals:

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName and AuthorBFirstName AuthorBLastName, "Title of the Article," Title of the Journal VolumeNum, no. IssueNum (PublicationYear): StartPage-EndPage.

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName, and AuthorBFirstName AuthorBLastName. "Title of the Article." Title of the Journal VolumeNum, no. IssueNum (PublicationYear): StartPage-EndPage.

• Titles of journals are usually given in full, but any leading "The" may be omitted. Capitalize the first and last words and all other major words in the title.

Notes:
¹ Laurie Vickery, "The Politics of Abuse: The Traumatized Child in Toni Morrison and Marguerite Duras," Mosaic 29, no. 2 (1996): 91-109.

² Alice Conley, "Fifth-Grade Boys' Decisions about Participation in Sports Activities," in "Non-subject-matter Outcomes of Schooling," ed. Thomas L. Good, special issue, Elementary School Journal 99, no. 5 (1999): 131-46.

Bibliography:

Conley, Alice. "Fifth-Grade Boys' Decisions about Participation in Sports Activities." In "Non-subject-matter Outcomes of Schooling." Edited by Thomas L. Good. Special issue, Elementary School Journal 99, no. 5 (1999).

Vickery, Laurie. "The Politics of Abuse: The Traumatized Child in Toni Morrison and Marguerite Duras." Mosaic 29, no. 2 (1996): 91-109.

• For journals that use only issue numbers and no volumes, follow the journal title with a comma.

Notes:
³ J. M. Beattie, "The Pattern of Crime in England, 1660-1800," Past and Present, no. 62 (1974): 47-95.

Bibliography:

Beattie, J. M. "The Pattern of Crime in England, 1660-1800." Past and Present, no. 62 (1974): 47-95.

Pattern for Online Journals

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName and AuthorBFirstName AuthorBLastName, "Title of the Article," Title of the Journal VolumeNum, no. IssueNum (PublicationYear): StartPage-EndPage, SourceURL (accessed LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName, and AuthorBFirstName AuthorBLastName. "Title of the Article." Title of the Journal VolumeNum, no. IssueNum (PublicationYear): StartPage-EndPage. SourceURL (accessed LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

• Cite online journals just as you would cite a print journal, but append the URL where the work was found. Because information changes frequently on the World Wide Web, it is advisable to append the date when you last accessed the article online.

Notes:
¹ Bernard Testa and Lamont B. Kier, "Emergence and Dissolvence in the Self-Organisation of Complex Systems," Entropy 2, no. 1 (March 2000): 1-25, http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/papers/ e2010001.pdf (accessed February 12, 2003).

Bibliography:

Testa, Bernard, and Lamont B. Kier. "Emergence and Dissolvence in the Self-Organisation of Complex Systems." Entropy 2, no. 1 (March 2000): 1-25. http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/papers/ e2010001.pdf (accessed February 12, 2003).

• If page numbers are not available in the online version, add any descriptive locator that might be helpful to the reader.

Notes:
² Mark Warr and Christopher G. Ellison, "Rethinking Social Relations to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in Family Households." American Journal of Sociology 106, no. 3 (2000), under "The Consequences of Fear," http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/ v106n3/050125/050125.html (accessed October 19, 2004).

Bibliography:

Warr, Mark, and Christopher G. Ellison. "Rethinking Social Relations to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in Family Households." American Journal of Sociology 106, no. 3 (2000), under "The Consequences of Fear." http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/ v106n3/050125/050125.html (accessed October 19, 2004).

• For an article accessed from a subscription electronic database, it is preferable to use the URL of the database's search page or home page (if known).

Notes:
³ Trevor M. Thomas, "Wales: Land of Mines and Quarries." Geographical Review 46, no. 1 (1956): 59-81, http:/www/jstor.org/ (accessed May 2, 2005).

Bibliography:

Thomas, Trevor M. "Wales: Land of Mines and Quarries." Geographical Review 46, no. 1 (1956): 59-81. http:/www/jstor.org/ (accessed May 2, 2005).

Pattern for Other Print Serials:

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName, "Title of the Article," Title of the Serial, PublicationMonth Day, Year, StartPage-EndPage.

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Title of the Article." Title of the Serial. PublicationMonth Day, Year, StartPage-EndPage.

• For weekly or monthly magazines, the volume and issue numbers are usually omitted and only the date is used.

Notes:
¹ Stephen Lacey, "The New German Style," Horticulture, March 2000, 44.

Bibliography:

Lacey, Stephen. "The New German Style." Horticulture, March 2000, 44.

• For newspaper articles, the section number or name may be given, but pages are generally omitted. Any edition information may be included after the date, preceded by a comma and space.

Notes:
² Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg, "What's in a Movie Soundtrack? Catchy Tunes and Big Business," Wall Street Journal, April 1, 1994, eastern edition, sec. B.

Bibliography:

Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. "What's in a Movie Soundtrack? Catchy Tunes and Big Business." Wall Street Journal, April 1, 1994, eastern edition, sec. B.

• If a newspaper article is not signed, the name of the newspaper appears in place of the author. Such articles may be cited only in the notes and omitted from the bibliography.

Notes:
³ New York Times, "In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor," July 30, 2002.

Bibliography:

New York Times, "In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor," July 30, 2002.

Pattern for Other Online Serials

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName, "Title of the Article," Title of the Serial, PublicationMonth Day, Year, SourceURL (accessed LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Title of the Article." Title of the Serial. PublicationMonth Day, Year. SourceURL (accessed LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

• Cite online magazines, newspapers, and the like just as you would cite a print serial, but omit page numbers. Append the URL where the work was found. Because information changes frequently on the World Wide Web, it is advisable to append the date when you last accessed this serial online.

Notes:

¹ Christopher Solomon, "Going to Seattle," New York Times, July 17, 2005, http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/07/17/travel/ 17going.html (accessed July 18, 2005).

² Jessica Reaves, "A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids," Interview with James Rosen, Time, March 14, 2001, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,102443,00.html (accessed July 10, 2001).

Bibliography:

Reaves, Jessica. "A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids." Interview with James Rosen. Time, March 14, 2001. http://www.time.com/ time/nation/article/0,8599,102443,00.html (accessed July 10, 2001).

Solomon, Christopher. "Going to Seattle." New York Times, July 17, 2005. http://travel2.nytimes.com/ 2005/07/17/travel/ 17going.html (accessed July 18, 2005).

• For an article accessed from a subscription electronic database, it is preferable to use the URL of the database's search page or home page (if known).

Notes:
³ Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg, "What's in a Movie Soundtrack? Catchy Tunes and Big Business," Wall Street Journal, April 1, 1994, eastern edition, sec. B. http://www.lexisnexis.com/ (accessed July 12, 2005).

Bibliography:

Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. "What's in a Movie Soundtrack? Catchy Tunes and Big Business." Wall Street Journal, April 1, 1994, eastern edition, sec. B. http://www.lexisnexis.com/ (accessed July 12, 2005).

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Web Sites

Pattern for Documents

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName, "Title of the Document or Page," Title of the Internet Site, VersionNumber, LastUpdatedMonth Day, Year, SourceURL (LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Title of the Document or Page." Title of the Internet Site, VersionNumber. LastUpdatedMonth Day, Year. SourceURL (LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

• Include as much of this information as is available and applicable to the site. Indicate the complete date when you last accessed the document on the Web. If different from the latter, also include the date the document was electronically published or last updated (the latter might be found near the bottom of the Web page).

Notes:

¹ Lauren P. Burka, "A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions," MUD History, 1993, http://www.utopia.com/talent/ lpb/muddex/essay (accessed August 2, 1996).

² University of Chicago Library, Italian Women Writers, Release 1.2, 2002, http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/IWW (accessed 14 August 2005).

Bibliography:

Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions." MUD History. 1993. http://www.utopia.com/ talent/lpb/muddex/essay (accessed August 2, 1996).

University of Chicago Library. Italian Woman Writers. Release 1.2. 2002. http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/IWW (accessed 14 August 2005).

• For a posting to an email group, Web forum, or blog, give the complete date of the posting. Give the title of the thread or subject message line in quotation marks, followed by the name of the group, forum, or blog in italics. Unless it is obvious from the site's name, indicate the type of the site.

Notes:

³ D. J. Simons, "New Resources for Visual Cognition," e-mail to Visual Cognition discussion group, July 14, 2000, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/visualcognition/message/31 (accessed October 12, 2004).

Bibliography:

Simons, D. J. "New Resources for Visual Cognition." E-mail to Visual Cognition discussion group. July 14, 2000. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/visualcognition/message/31 (accessed October 12, 2004).

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Theses and Proceedings

Pattern for Theses and Dissertations

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName, "Title of the Thesis" (typeOfThesis, AcademicInstitutionName, YearDegreeGranted).

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Title of the Thesis." TypeOfThesis, AcademicInstitutionName, YearDegreeGranted.

Notes:

¹ Dorothy Ross, "The Irish-Catholic Immigrant: 1880-1900: A Study in Social Mobility" (master's thesis, Columbia University, 1959).

² Priscilla Coit Murphy, "What a Book Can Do: Silent Spring and Media-Borne Public Debate" (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 2000).

Bibliography:

Ross, Dorothy. "The Irish-Catholic Immigrant: 1880-1900: A Study in Social Mobility." Master's thesis, Columbia University, 1959.

Murphy, Priscilla Coit. "What a Book Can Do: Silent Spring and Media-Borne Public Debate." PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 2000.

Pattern for Papers and Meeting Lectures

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName, "Title of the Presentation" (typeOfPresentation, SponsorName, Location, MeetingMonth Day, Year).

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Title of the Presentation." TypeOfPresentation, SponsorName, Location, MeetingMonth Day, Year.

Notes:

¹ Clifford Nass, "Why Researchers Treat On-Line Journals Like Real People" (keynote address, annual meeting of the Council of Science Editors, San Antonio, TX, May 6-9, 2000).

² Stacy D'Erasmo, "The Craft and Career of Writing" (lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000).

Bibliography:

Nass, Clifford. "Why Researchers Treat On-Line Journals Like Real People." Keynote address, annual meeting of the Council of Science Editors, San Antonio, TX, May 6-9, 2000.

D'Erasmo, Stacy. "The Craft and Career of Writing." Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.

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Government Publications

The Chicago style uses many format variations for government and other public documents. While a few general examples are included below, many more examples—including those of legal documents—can be found in The Chicago Manual of Style, 17.290-17.356.

Pattern for Printed Documents

Notes:
^NoteNumber GovernmentDivisionName BodyOrAgencyName, Title of the Document, AuthorCompilerOrEditorName, ReportDescriptionOrNumber, PublisherIfNotBodyOrAgency, PublicationDate. PageNumbersIfRelevant.

Bibliography:
GovernmentDivisionName. BodyOrAgencyName. Title of the Document. AuthorCompilerOrEditorName. ReportDescriptionOrNumber. PublisherIfNotBodyOrAgency. PublicationDate. PageNumbersIfRelevant.

• Include as much information as is needed to locate the document in a library catalog. While abbreviations are commonly used in notes, they generally appear in bibliographies only when needed to avoid duplicating a full name in a single entry. Date formats (except for quoted material) should be consistent throughout your paper. For example, the U.S. format is used here even in the case of a British document.

Notes:

¹ UN General Assembly, Ninth Session, Official Records, Supplement 19, Special UN Fund for Economic Development: Final Report, prepared by Raymond Scheyven in pursuance of UN General Assembly Resolution 724B (VIII), A/2728, 1954.

² Churchill, speech to the House of Commons, January 18, 1945, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 407 (1944-45), cols. 425-46.

Bibliography:

Churchill, Winston. Speech to the House of Commons. January 18, 1945. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 407 (1944-45), cols. 425-46.

United Nations General Assembly. Ninth Session. Official Records. Supplement 19. Special UN Fund for Economic Development: Final Report. Prepared by Raymond Scheyven in pursuance of UN General Assembly Resolution 724B (VIII), A/2728. 1954.

• Some details, such as the government body, may be omitted in notes where they are obvious in context. If a document is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, show this information only in the absence of more specific identifying data, such as the issuing body and document number.

Notes:

³ Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, The Mutual Security Act of 1956, 84th Cong., 2nd sess., 1956. S. Rep. 2273, 9-10.

Bibliography:

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. The Mutual Security Act of 1956. 84th Cong., 2nd sess., 1956. S. Rep. 2273.

Pattern for Online Government Documents

Notes:
^NoteNumber GovernmentDivisionName, BodyOrAgencyName, "Title of Document," AuthorCompilerOrEditorName, ReportDescriptionOrNumber, PublisherIfNotBodyOrAgency, PublicationDate, SourceURL (accessed LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

Bibliography:
GovernmentDivisionName. BodyOrAgencyName. "Title of Document." AuthorCompilerOrEditorName. ReportDescriptionOrNumber. PublisherIfNotBodyOrAgency. PublicationDate. SourceURL (accessed LastAccessedMonth Day, Year).

• Because information changes frequently on the World Wide Web, it is advisable to append the date when you last accessed this document online.

Notes:

¹ U.S. Census Bureau, "Health Insurance Coverage Status and Type of Coverage by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1987 to 1999," Health Insurance Historical Table 1, 2000, http://www.census.gov/hhes/hlthins/historic/hihistt1.html (accessed February 12, 2004).

Bibliography:

U.S. Census Bureau. "Health Insurance Coverage Status and Type of Coverage by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1987 to 1999." Health Insurance Historical Table 1, 2000. http://www.census.gov/hhes/hlthins/historic/hihistt1.html (accessed February 12, 2004).

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Audiovisual Materials

Pattern for a Music Recording

Notes:
^NoteNumber ComposerFirstName ComposerLastName, Title of the Recording, PerformerName, ConductorName, RecordLabelName, RecordingNumber, Medium, ProductionOrCopyrightDate.

Bibliography:
ComposerLastName, ComposerFirstName. Title of the Recording. PerformerName, ConductorName. RecordLabelName. RecordingNumber. Medium. ProductionOrCopyrightDate.

• Begin with the composer, the conductor, or the performer depending on the desired emphasis. Use ℗ for production date and © for copyright date.^*

Notes:

¹ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Le Nozze di Figaro, Vienna Philharmonic, Riccardo Multi, with Thomas Allen, Margaret Price, Jorma Hynninen, Ann Murray, Kurt Rydl, and the Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor, ℗ 1987, original sound recording made by EMI Records Ltd., CDS 7 47978 8 (3 compact discs).

² Leonard Bernstein, dir., Symphony no. 5, by Dmitri Shostakovich, New York Philharmonic, CBS IM 35845.

Bibliography:

Bernstein, Leonard, dir. Symphony no. 5, by Dmitri Shostakovich. New York Philharmonic. CBS IM 35845.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Le Nozze di Figaro. Vienna Philharmonic. Riccardo Multi. With Thomas Allen, Margaret Price, Jorma Hynninen, Ann Murray, Kurt Rydl, and the Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor. ℗ 1987. Original sound recording made by EMI Records Ltd. CDS 7 47978 8 (3 compact discs).

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^* In Microsoft Word, for example, these special characters can be found by selecting Symbol from the Insert menu and then clicking the Symbols tab in the dialog that appears. To find the ℗ character, in the Symbol dialog box select "Arial Unicode MS" from the Font menu and "Letterlike Symbols" from the Subset menu. If your word processor does not support insertion of these special characters, you might type "(P)" and "(C)" to represent them.

Pattern for a Video Recording

Notes:
^NoteNumber AuthorFirstName AuthorLastName, Title of the Recording, MediaType, dir. DirectorFirstName DirectorLastName (Location: Publisher, PublicationYear).

Bibliography:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. Title of the Recording. MediaType. Directed by DirectorFirstName DirectorLastName. Location: Publisher, PublicationYear.

• Publication information generally resembles that for books, except that the type of medium is added after the title.

Notes:

¹ George Frederic Handel, Messiah, selections, VHS, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chamber Chorus, Robert Shaw (Batavia, OH: Video Treasures, 1988).

Bibliography:

Handel, George Frederic. Messiah, selections. VHS. Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chamber Chorus, Robert Shaw. Batavia, OH: Video Treasures, 1988.

• Treat a rerelease much as you would a reprint.

Notes:

² North by Northwest, DVD, dir. Alfred Hitchcock (1959; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000).

Bibliography:

North by Northwest. DVD. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000. Original motion picture 1959.

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Page updated: November 9, 2005